I. Moist Tropical Evergreen or Rain Forests
Such Forests flourish in areas when the annual rainfall is about 250 and 270 C and average annual humidity exceeds 77%. Such forests are very dense and composed of tall and medium sized trees and shrubs, several climbers and epiphytes, different types of bamboos and ferns, all in luxuriant growth. They do not shed their leaves annually. Such forests are found in
a)Tropical Wet Evergreen Forests
Found along the Western side of the Western Ghats from Bombay Southwards to north and South Kanara covering parts of Tamilnadu, Karnataka, Kerala and Andaman and Nicobar Islands. In the North East India they occur in Assam, Arunachal Pradesh, Tripura, Manipur, Nagaland and Meghalaya when annual rainfall is over 200 cm. The forests are very dense and multi - storeyed. They do not shed their leaves annually; and hence an evergreen. Then forests contain numerous species of high economic value because the timber being hard and durable.
Example: Rosewood, Ebony, Iron wood, Sandal wood, Mahogany.
b)Tropical Semi Evergreen Forests:
When the rainfall is between 100 to 200 cm, the mean annual temperature 240 to 270 C and humidity percentage 80, evergreen forests degenerate into semi evergreen forests. Such forests are found in the Western Coast, Upper Assam, Lower slopes of Eastern Himalaya, Orissa and Andaman Nicobar Islands. The important trees found are; Aini, Semul, Kadam, Irul Indian Chestnut.
c) Tropical Moist Deciduous Forests:
Such forests occur in areas with moderate or low annual rainfall of 100 to 150 cm, the mean annual temperature of 260 to 270 C and humidity percentage of 60 to 80. Such areas are
d) Tidal or Littoral Forests (Mang rove forests)
These forests occur in and around the tidal creeks and in the river deltas in spite of salive water, rise and fall of the tides and deep accumulation of Mud. These forests are found on the Western Coast at a few places but on the eastern coast they form a fairly continuous fringe along the del-tas of Ganga, Mahanadi, Godavari, Krishna and Cauvery. They are found in their densest form in the sunderbans delta when the predominant specie is Sundari tree.
Example: Keora, Amur, Bhara, Nipa, bolga etc
.
II. Dry Tropical Forests:
These forests mostly occur in areas having a mean annual temperature of 230 to 270 C, an annual rainfall between 75 to 125 cm and humidity ranging between 51 to 58%. Tropical Dry Deciduous Forests:
These forests are found on a very large area, especially in an irregular wide strip running north - south from the foot hills of the Himalaya to Cape comorin, except in Rajastan, Western Ghats and W. Bengal. The important trees are Teak, Sal, Rose Wood etc. Tropical Thorn Forests:
such forests are restricted to areas when the rainfall in very low, (50 to 75cm) the mean annual Temperature 25 0 to 270 C and the humidity rather low. These forests are found in
These Forests usually occur in the east coast of the peninsula from Tamilnadu north to Nellore, where the mean annual rainfall is about 100 cm, mean annual temperature 280C and mean annual humidity 74%.
Example: Khirni, Jammu, Ritha, Tamarind, Heem, Toddy, Palm.
III. Sub - Tropical Broad - Leaved Hill Forests:
These forests are usually found between 915 to 1830 meters above sea level, when mean annual temperature is about 180 to 210c, mean annual rainfall about 75 to 125 cm and the humidity is 80%. These forests occur largely in the highlands of Bastar, Pach Harhi, Mahabaleswar, Nilgiris, Palni hills and Khasi hills, on the lower slopes of the Himalaya in W. Bengal and Assam.
Example: Jamun, Machilus, Meliosma
IV Montane wet temperate forests:
These forests occur at a height of 1800 to 3000 m. above the sea level, in areas where the mean annual temperature is about 110 to 140C and the mean annual rainfall is over 150 to 300 cm, the humidity is 83%. These are found in the higher hills of Tamil Nadu
and Kerala and in Eastern Himalayas.
Example: Deodar, Indian Chestnut, Birch, Pine, Oaks, Hemlock.
V. Montane Moist Temperate Forests
They occur in the temperate eastern and western Himalaya between 1600 to 3500 m. Such forests are mainly composed of coniferous species.
Example: Pine, Deodar, Spruce, Silver fir, Oak, Birch, Elm, Chestnut, Walnut, Maple etc.
VI. Alpine Forests:
They occur in the areas of the Himalayas beyond the limit of tree growth (between 2900 to 3500 m). These consists of meadows, dwarf shrubs of Juniper, fir, birch, oak, silver fir etc.
Such Forests flourish in areas when the annual rainfall is about 250 and 270 C and average annual humidity exceeds 77%. Such forests are very dense and composed of tall and medium sized trees and shrubs, several climbers and epiphytes, different types of bamboos and ferns, all in luxuriant growth. They do not shed their leaves annually. Such forests are found in
- Western parts of the Western Ghats.
- Eastern parts of sub-tropical Himalaya
- N. E India
- Most of the Andaman Islands.
a)Tropical Wet Evergreen Forests
Found along the Western side of the Western Ghats from Bombay Southwards to north and South Kanara covering parts of Tamilnadu, Karnataka, Kerala and Andaman and Nicobar Islands. In the North East India they occur in Assam, Arunachal Pradesh, Tripura, Manipur, Nagaland and Meghalaya when annual rainfall is over 200 cm. The forests are very dense and multi - storeyed. They do not shed their leaves annually; and hence an evergreen. Then forests contain numerous species of high economic value because the timber being hard and durable.
Example: Rosewood, Ebony, Iron wood, Sandal wood, Mahogany.
b)Tropical Semi Evergreen Forests:
When the rainfall is between 100 to 200 cm, the mean annual temperature 240 to 270 C and humidity percentage 80, evergreen forests degenerate into semi evergreen forests. Such forests are found in the Western Coast, Upper Assam, Lower slopes of Eastern Himalaya, Orissa and Andaman Nicobar Islands. The important trees found are; Aini, Semul, Kadam, Irul Indian Chestnut.
c) Tropical Moist Deciduous Forests:
Such forests occur in areas with moderate or low annual rainfall of 100 to 150 cm, the mean annual temperature of 260 to 270 C and humidity percentage of 60 to 80. Such areas are
- A belt running north -South on the eastern slopes of Western Ghats.
- Chota Nagpur Plateau
- Himalayan foot hills
- Hilly areas in eastern part of the Deccan.
- The trees in this forest shed their leaves during spring and early summer when the shortage of water is more acute.
d) Tidal or Littoral Forests (Mang rove forests)
These forests occur in and around the tidal creeks and in the river deltas in spite of salive water, rise and fall of the tides and deep accumulation of Mud. These forests are found on the Western Coast at a few places but on the eastern coast they form a fairly continuous fringe along the del-tas of Ganga, Mahanadi, Godavari, Krishna and Cauvery. They are found in their densest form in the sunderbans delta when the predominant specie is Sundari tree.
Example: Keora, Amur, Bhara, Nipa, bolga etc
.
II. Dry Tropical Forests:
These forests mostly occur in areas having a mean annual temperature of 230 to 270 C, an annual rainfall between 75 to 125 cm and humidity ranging between 51 to 58%. Tropical Dry Deciduous Forests:
These forests are found on a very large area, especially in an irregular wide strip running north - south from the foot hills of the Himalaya to Cape comorin, except in Rajastan, Western Ghats and W. Bengal. The important trees are Teak, Sal, Rose Wood etc. Tropical Thorn Forests:
such forests are restricted to areas when the rainfall in very low, (50 to 75cm) the mean annual Temperature 25 0 to 270 C and the humidity rather low. These forests are found in
- Kutch and neighboring areas
- South Western Punjab Western Haryana and Northern Rajastan.
- Upper Ganga Plains
- The Deccan Platen.
These Forests usually occur in the east coast of the peninsula from Tamilnadu north to Nellore, where the mean annual rainfall is about 100 cm, mean annual temperature 280C and mean annual humidity 74%.
Example: Khirni, Jammu, Ritha, Tamarind, Heem, Toddy, Palm.
III. Sub - Tropical Broad - Leaved Hill Forests:
These forests are usually found between 915 to 1830 meters above sea level, when mean annual temperature is about 180 to 210c, mean annual rainfall about 75 to 125 cm and the humidity is 80%. These forests occur largely in the highlands of Bastar, Pach Harhi, Mahabaleswar, Nilgiris, Palni hills and Khasi hills, on the lower slopes of the Himalaya in W. Bengal and Assam.
Example: Jamun, Machilus, Meliosma
IV Montane wet temperate forests:
These forests occur at a height of 1800 to 3000 m. above the sea level, in areas where the mean annual temperature is about 110 to 140C and the mean annual rainfall is over 150 to 300 cm, the humidity is 83%. These are found in the higher hills of Tamil Nadu
and Kerala and in Eastern Himalayas.
Example: Deodar, Indian Chestnut, Birch, Pine, Oaks, Hemlock.
V. Montane Moist Temperate Forests
They occur in the temperate eastern and western Himalaya between 1600 to 3500 m. Such forests are mainly composed of coniferous species.
Example: Pine, Deodar, Spruce, Silver fir, Oak, Birch, Elm, Chestnut, Walnut, Maple etc.
VI. Alpine Forests:
They occur in the areas of the Himalayas beyond the limit of tree growth (between 2900 to 3500 m). These consists of meadows, dwarf shrubs of Juniper, fir, birch, oak, silver fir etc.
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